What do non-tariff trade barriers include?

Non-tariff trade barriers refer to policies that countries implement to control the amount of trade across their borders, which are not in the form of tariffs or taxes on imports or exports. These barriers can take various forms and can significantly impact international trade.

The correct answer encompasses all forms of discrimination against imports, which includes a wide range of measures such as quotas, import licenses, standards, and regulations that favor domestic over foreign products. These measures can distort trade by making it more difficult or costly for foreign goods to enter the market, even if no direct tariff is applied.

This holistic understanding captures the complexity of non-tariff barriers, highlighting how they can maintain domestic market advantages and protect local industries without the explicit use of tariffs. By identifying all discriminatory practices against imports, this answer accurately represents the concept of non-tariff barriers in international trade.